Discovery of Cathode rays(Electron) and properties||Atomic structure||Chemistry||class 11

         Atom:-An atom is the smallest particle of element having all the chemical properties of the element does not exist in free state and takes part in chemical reaction.

An atom consists of three fundamental particle like electron proton neutron.

Discovery of Cathode rays (election)

Properties of Anode rays(proton)||Anode rays का properties

      Properties of Anode rays

1- Anode rays are invisible.

2-They travel in a straight line with very high speed ranging the velocity 10⁹ to 10¹¹ cm per second.

3-They consist of flow of positively charged particles which may be proton (H^+)when H2 gas is used in discharge tube.

4-They possess kinetic energy (K.E)

5-They have penetrating power.

6-They ionize the neutral gas when passed throught it.

7-They produce fluorescence when bombarded on zins screen.

8-when Anode rays were passed between two oppositely charged plate.

These were deflected towards the negatively charged plate indicating that these rays consist of flow of positively charged particles which may be proton (H^+) when H2 gas is used.

9-The properties of anode rays depends upon the properties of electrode and the properties of the gases used in discharge tube.

10-The e/m ratio charge(charge/mass ratio) of proton is about 9.58 ×10⁴ coulomb/g

11-The relative charge of proton is +1(p^+ +H^+)

12-The absolute charge of proton is 1.602×10^-19 coulomb(SI)

13-The charge of one mole of proton is 96500 coulomb(1Farady)

14-The relative mass of a proton is nearly equal to the mass of H-atom

i.e 1.0072amu_~1amu.

15-The absolute mass of proton is 1.672×10^-27kg

Or,1.672×10^-24g.

16-The mass of 1mol proton=(6.022×10²³)×(1.672×10^-24g)

=>6.022×10²³×0.1672×10^-23g

=>(6.022×0.1672)

=>1.00689g.

17-A proton may be defined as the fundamental particle of an atom carrying unit positive charge (+1)and having the mass equal to 1.672×10^-27kg.

Whai is Coulomb's law || Coulomb's law किया हैं।

              Coulomb's law

The force acting between the two point charge is directly proportional to the product of the two charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two point charge.

Where k is proportionality constant called electrostatic force constant

It depends upon

1-Nature of medium

2-system of unit

Limitation of Coulomb's law 

What is electric field||electric field किया होता हैं।

         ELECTRIC FIELD

Coulomb was unable to explain that how does one point charge exert force on another point charge.

                     Michael Faraday was the first man who explain the mechanism of force of in interaction between the two point charge in terms of electric field.

His explanation was that a point charge experiencing force is in the electric field of another point charge who are exerting force.

Q¹=>electric field+Q²=>electric force

Electric force<=Q¹+electric field<=Q²

Properties of Electric field lines किया होता है

 1- Positive charge is the source of electric field lines but negative charge is the sink of electric field lines.

2-Number of electric field lines starting from positive charge and terminating at negative charge is proportion to the amount of charge.

3-Number of electric field lines per unit area is proportional to the strength of the electric field.

4-A tangent drawn at the point on electric field lines gives the direction of electric field.

5-Electric field lines is a continuous curve.

6-Electric field lines is perpendicular to the surface of the charged body.

7-Two electric field lines never intersect each other at a point.

8-Electric field lines is an open curve but magnetic field lines is a close curve.

Most alzebric formula

 (a+b)²=a²+2ab+b²

(a+b)²=(a-b)²+4ab

(a+b)²=(a+b)(a+b)

(a-b)²=a²-2ab+b²

(a-b)²=(a+b)²-4ab

(a-b)²=(a-b)(a-b)

a²-b²=(a+b)(a-b)

a⁴-b⁴=(a²+b²)(a²-b²)

(a+b+c)²=a²+b²+c²+2ab+2bc+2ca

(a+b-c)²=a²+b²+c²+2ab-2bc-2ca

(a-b-c)²=a²+b²+c²-2ab+2bc-2ca

a²+b²+c²-ab-bc-ca=½[(a-b)²+(b-c)²+(c-a)²]

(a+b)³=a³+b³+3ab(a+b)

(a+b)³=a³+b³+3a²b+3ab²

(a-b)³=a³-b³-3ab(a-b)

(a-b)³=a³-b³-3a²b+3ab²

a³+b³=(a+b)(a²-ab+b²)

a³-b³=(a-b)(a²+ab+b²)

a³+b³+c³-3abc=(a+b+c)(a²+b²+c²-ab-bc-ca)

a³+b³+c³-3abc=½(a+b+c)[(a-b)²+(b-c)²+(c-a)²]

•If a+b+c=0

Then a³+b³+c³-3abc=0

•If a³+b³+c³-3abc=0

Then a+b+c=0

•If a³+b³+c³-3abc=0 and a+b+c≠0

Then a= b=c

• If a³+ b³-c³+3abc=0

Then a+b-c=0

• If a³-b³-c³-3abc=0

Then a-b-c=0